Just type the word DNA and even before the wiki link you’d get to see advertisements on paternity test or some disease related diagnostic test links, may be about 8-9 years ago when scientist were just finishing up the Human Genome project (HGP), though talked about the numerous applications of this project and how it would essentially help us to better understand the pathogenesis (progression) of various diseases little did I know there will be a whole bunch of companies making money with just all this information. Welcome to the genomic era and let’s begin with the most basic concept in this field, our DNA (of course!)
In a way I could say that our genome basically refers to the total amount of DNA present in our cell that would include all the chromosomes. While studying genetics of human disease, many times we are particularly only interested to know the causative genes responsible for a trait (also called phenotype, which is any characteristic feature that can be observed and analyzed) of interest. So GENE is a stretch of DNA which is responsible for a trait. For example a gene called F8 is has the information for producing a protein called Coagulation factor VIII which is involved in blood clotting process. So this gene is present on X chromosome. The gene consists of the Promoters, important for transcription downstream (information processing), the enhancers which also help in transcription, the introns and the coding regions.
DNA, which any person related to science would also address as Deoxyribonucleic acid, as I understand is this amazing molecule which is regarded as the blue print of life for all the right reasons. I really can’t scratch my head enough to come up with a better way to direct the processes involved for the existence of any organisms (Lets leave out some of the viruses and prions for now B-I) the way the current molecular machinery works. Lots of great scientist tried to find this “secret molecule of life” all the way from Friedrich Miescher who isolated the molecule, to Pauling’s attempt to discover the structure, to Rosalind Franklin‘s X-ray diffraction picture and finally published in Nature (Many graduate student’s dream publication science journal) by Watson and Crick who bagged the Nobel prize for describing the structure of this amazing molecule.
After the discovery of DNA and understanding the structure and function, the 21st century saw the sequencing paradigm, the completion of the HGP finally uncovered the blue print of life, those 3 billion bases pairs of DNA molecule starting from Chromosome 1 to the end of 22 chromosomes plus the sex chromosome – X and Y. And this indeed became a game changer for now we have entered a new era of Personalize Medicine, which runs on the principle that every individual (even identical twins) is unique because of their genetic makeup and its interaction with the environment, and just as we all wear clothes that fit our size, the medical care be tailor made for every person. Even though it might sound very ambitious at this stage, this kind of medical revolution has already begun to sweep through! The best example where I see it becoming a big hit is in Cancer management. Cancer being the disease of the genome is a perfect area where it finds its best use. BRAC1 and BRAC2 are two important genes which are implicated in breast cancer and now are routinely use for early screening, diagnosis and this helps in determining the best treatment option for the management of this disease by coming up with a rational drug design (since every drug is specific to a particular molecular pathway involved in each cancer case… that where the personalized concept comes in). All that sounds great but only a genetic researcher would know how difficult it is to solve many of these complex riddles in the manifestation of disease.
One of the interesting things I find about the DNA is that it is composed of only 4 types of subunits called the nucleotides namely – A, G, T, and C. These 4 magical bases as we call it are arranged in unique manner, such that base A always bond with T, base G only bonds with C and vice versa (credit goes to Prof.Chargaff for the discovery). And these bases form hydrogen bonds between their respective partners, which mean that bases AAGGC will pair up with TTCCG, let’s make a note of the concept of polarity here, i.e. the way this DNA is designed by nature (or atleast what Watson and crick proposed and we believe!) is that, it consist of 2 chains of bases which are composed of A, T, G, C such that they twist around each other like 2 people madly in love that they form an antiparallel structure ( which is what DNA looks like). These are the sense and the antisense strand, the former called as crick and the latter called as the Watson strand is used for the transcription (a process in which the information in DNA is made use of). So if I were to show this diagrammatically, it would look like this:
Let’s consider one of these strand as 3’ ---- AATTGGCGC---5’, So the other strand would automatically be 5’----TTAACCGCG----3’, paying a little attention to this sequence one would have realized the 3’ and the 5’ numbering on either end of the sequence which indicates their polarity, just as they say opposites attract the same way the 3’end of the strand will pair with the bases on the 5’ end of the opposite strand. This polarity is due to the orientation of the Phosphodiester bond linked to the 3’carbon of one strand and the 5’ carbon on the other strand… Anyways that’s just something to remember. Of course there are different forms of this DNA…. But let’s skip that part for now.
This is so cool that I can even come up with a game which goes like this…
If a bunch of oligos (a strand of these bases) were to be floating around then can you determine the color pairs?
Cheat sheet: red –blue, green-brown
The primary interest behind this molecule for me is that it stores a lot of information (genetic data) in the language of ATGC – its bases. This information is accessed by other molecules for carrying out various processes in an organism. But if I were to start talking about how cool the DNA is, I would say ‘Replication’. This is a very important process since this stage is vulnerable to errors which give rise to mutations. DNA is capable of copying itself and form new strands, i.e. 1 DNA molecule à 2 DNA molecule. This is what happens during cell division, if new skin cells are to be produced, a single cell will replicate it’s DNA (includes all the 23 chromosomes) and then split the cells in such a way each cell will now have equal amount of DNA in it. Thus every cell in our body except for the germ cells (includes the egg cell or the sperms) has the same genetic information (ignoring mosaic cells).
How are Genes and DNA related?
Here’s a short segment of the F8 gene where the exons are represented in red and the introns lie between the exons. The promoters usually lie upstream to the start of the gene. A mutation (e.g. any deleterious base change in the red colored region here) can cause hemophilia A. The data files are huge which requires high computing capabilities to work through genetic datasets.
>hg19_knownGene_uc004fmt.3 range=chrX:154064054-154251008 5'pad=0 3'pad=0 strand=- repeatMasking=none
atcggttactGCTTAGTGCTGAGCACATCCAGTGGGTAAAGTTCCTTAAAATGCTCTGCAAAGAAATTGGGACTTTTCATTAAATCAGAAATTTTACTTTTTTCCCCTCCTGGGAGCTAAAGATATTTTAGAGAAGAATTAACCTTTTGCTTCTCCAGTTGAACATTTGTAGCAATAAGTCATGCAAATAGAGCTCTCCACCTGCTTCTTTCTGTGCCTTTTGCGATTCTGCTTTAGTGCCACCAGAAGATACTACCTGGGTGCAGTGGAACTGTCATGGGACTATATGCAAAGTGATCTCGGTGAGCTGCCTGTGGACGCAAGgtaaaggcatgtcctgtagggtctgatcggggccaggattgtggggatgtaagtctgcttggaggaaggtgcagacatcgggttaggatggttgtgatgctacctgggccccaaagaaacatttctgggtaaggtgtgcacacatctgtgttattagcagaaatgctaactgccaattcttttcataggtctgacctatttgttgatattttgttctgttttgtccattgcttctcttcgtcatatgctgctcctccagaatctagagactggagtagagggagggtgaagggacaaagacaaaacttccctctgcctgcccaagcttccatagagagaatcaaggcaatgaaatccaatcaatatcacacacaagtttcatgtctggttctcttgtgtgtacatgcaatgtgtgtttttataatatcttttcctactttgggtgtaaggataatatgagccttgagttcagaagcttttcgtgttttgggggttctggtgcatttaggcagagtattaaataactttatcaatattgtctatggtcatcagttgattcagatttttctacctcttcttcagtaaatattggtatattttggtctatactttcatagaaagcaatctactgtccctagatttgataatgtattggtatcaagttatgtaagagtctcctgtgattttgttaaactgttctgtgtctgtagttatattttctttttcattccttatgttgtatatgttctcttcctctcttttaaaaataatatttccaggagttttcttgattttattggtcttgtcaagaattttcttttggtttgatttatcaatctcttttttctttctgttgcatcagtttctgcttctactttcattgatttattccttccttctaatttcctttggttcattttgttgttagatttttgcttcttgagttgaatgctgaaatcatttattttatttttttgtcttctttaaatgtgtattataaagatttaaatataatacatagattgtggctgtgtaaacattaaatgtggtcatgttgtacatactttatattctttttggttctttctgtttggctccccaccctctttccacatcagtccccttctcccccacctcagctaggtaaccccagtatgataatatatattcacatacacatacacacacacaaaggttttcttggacattatttgttttataaaattgggacattatacacacatttctcactcattaacacgtactagaactctaagtcaattggtatagctttaattcattatttttattggctatataagattctatggtatggctgtatcacaatttagtcaatatgttcactttattccagtttttggctactatatcctatatcattacatactggtgcttttacttctgttgaacaaacttgcaagaggaatattaatggaacgaagggaatgtttccttctaagttttaatttccaaagaggtcagaacttttcaaacatttctaccatcgaagtatgaaaatggccttctctctgcattcacatagcgataagttttatcctgtttttaaaatttgccaattttacaggtgtagagtgatattgcatcattactttcattgtgttatttttatttctaataagttgagcatctttttaaatgcttgttggctattggatttatttgggggatttaattagtcatatgatttgcccattattctttggactctttcatttaaaaaaattatgagaacccttttattattacaaatattaactctttgtcatgtatattgcagttttccccaagatctattgtttgtctgttgactttcttataacttttaccaaaacagtttttaatttttataatcagagatatcttttctttcatatcttcagagtcggcaaggttggttaaaaatgtttcccacacctcaagattgtacgtgtaatctcccagattttcttgcaagatgtttactgtttcgctttttatatgcattgcttcaattatctgctaattacttttgtcatatggcatgagagagggatttgtctagttttatttccatccagatcaatagcctattgtgatggcaccttttgccactgatttgaatcaacacattcatcatataaagttctcatatatattagcatatatttctggattcattaggctgtttcactaatctactattatcttgctatgccagtaccatagtgatttgattacagtgagcctatgatatcttctgatatctggtgggtgaaagcaatcctcactattctttttgtacctttcttagctattcttagacactttattcttccacataaaactgttaagatatttttcaaattaaaaagatccaagccctgttgtgattctaactgcaatttcattaaactcagaccttaattttattaatgtaataaatttaaatatttttcttattacatttatctctgtgtattttataagtgtgatgctattgttaataagatagttttctcctatttccatttatgagtgcttagtaccaaatagagataagctattggtttgtgtattttcagctttttcttttgagcctgggtctcattttgtcacccaggctggagtgcagtggggtgatctcaccttactgcagcctcaacctcctggattcaagcaattctcctgtatatcagccccccaagtagctgggactacaggagcaggccaccatgcccggaaaatttttgtatat
gatggatgctttctgttggcattaacgtattacttggagatttttctagtttgtgtccactcactaatatgcctttgtcccaacttttttctggaagagcttccttatcagtacgctgggccctggccctcagccagtacagaaagtcatttgtcaaggccttcagttggcagacgtgctccctggactacgtgctttctcgggtgtcccagaaaccctggaatggagtgaaatgcagggctacgtgggagagcagggaggcaagaattaagtcggccccacctttgcccaactcagtgggtctccttgagagaggtctgcagtttcaaggagacttttcagccaatctgctgcgagatcctgtgaaggggtgtgaaggtcttcctctgtgactatagattggccagtctctccttgtgtgtccaacagttttcattatactttatgtgaattaatgcaaaactgctaggtttaaactgctcaccattttagggatcccttctggattttaccttccttaaggggaaattttcctcctttcctcagttcatcctttctgccttggctttgacgtggtctggaggccacagagcctcctcctgagaacctctctctggtgtgtctgtttgtgtccgtccctctcctttcgatcattccctgtggttcctgttgggcgcggctcccataaacgcacagagcagggtctgctttgtctgcaacctgatgcattgttatttctcaccaaaacttgcagtccaaacatcacatttccgggccacactctttgtcagagctccaggggcacaaccccggggacctgctggaaggtgccaccgtgacgtgtgcctagatgcgttttccctcagttaccacagcgttcctctggttctggtggctggagggtgaccgcgtgcttcatgaagggggtccttactgcttcgcatccacccttttcacggaaagcactttgtcacatgttttcagtgtttctaagcgattttctgccaatcttgtgtgctaagattgtgtggcagcgtttccacagatttatagctggcaatgaattctcccaaaggaaatcagacaaaataaaatgtttccaacattgttcacatactgacaacttatgtgcttccttgggtgattttacaactttttaagcacatgaataaaaattattgtctgcttttttctccttttttctctcttttttttcttgcatgcagaaagtttataggagggggatcctctggatcaacacccatgggggagtgaaggaagcaggattgggtaaaagaagttgaggtgatacagtctgaataaaggtcagtcccacagggagctcaagctaggatggctctgcagagatgttctctattgaggcaagttgtctggacctatatagtcccacctttaccaggaataaggcatgagtttggatgtggtgactgacttcagccaaaattggttctcagagaggaattcagattagagttgtcagctgtcagcacacccagcagcttaggaaataagtgctttagtcctgaagcggtgaatctggacaccagcctccactgtggtccaccctttctgctgctcagattcatttgcttcataagttctggaatggttccttcaggattctgatgggctccctttcctggggaaacaaaagagaaaggtttggaacacagcacaactcctgctgctttagcttttcttgagtctgcaactggtactcatcatcttccccttctactacccattctagatccctccccccaccaccctctcaattcatacttctgctgctccaagtgggttaccagataaggtatctggtcatcatgccctttgtaagccatgactgtacttgtccatttatcatcaacattgaacaagggaatactaagagatacccaggcagatgacctggctgccaaatatattctcctctgtctccattgtgtaatgtcagcccttcctcctgatgatcaggatcggttacgcttgccaggatagtgactcttttccttacctcttggtctcttaatagtgatctgaagtaatatgatggcaaccatagtttcaagtttaatgagactcttggtgtgtccactggcggacatattccccttttaagaaccagtacttctaaactctcagagcccagagttgggataagaggcatagtttccctaattgggtcactgggagtaatggtagtgtgaggctgctcctacttacactccttgttttccaaaaccatatattttacttcgggacacaccccactaaacgatggccattgatctagagtatatactgcatcctgcaggatggtgcctcgtccttaggtattatgtctaagctagtgcctcagctgtgccttcaacaagctgtcctaccactctatcaagtgggtagcttctgggtagtggattccatggtcatgtatcttcttgctttaaagtaggtctcttggtctgatgcagtgttatgtaagatcaaatattctgtgaggccttgaatggtggtgtttactgaggctcaccaagcaactgaatgattttcttgagaaatggtgacatatcagagccttagctttggtctctgttactggcaagttgaacattaacaacatcagtagctagatctgtattgatgagtccatgatgttgggcccatgcatagcctctgccatggctcctcctttcatacatccattttgtaagaattggggcaccaacagcagagactggtaagcatcaaagtggctaagtcattcagtctacttggttgtttagtgctgtttctgtggctgatgttcttttcatttattcattctgtaatgcgtatcctttgtagattcaatttccttctctctgaacaacttctttggatatttattgaaaggcaggtctactgtcaataaattccttaatttttattgtctgagaaagtttttatttctccttcatttttgaaggatactttcacagagttcagaattttaggttgactgttttttctttctctcaacactttaaatatgtcagtgcactctcttcttgtttgcatggtttctgaggcgaagttggatgtaatttttatctttgctcctctatggataaagtgtttttccccatctggtttcttacaacattttttgtctttgattttctggagtttgaatataatatgcctaggtgtagggtttttttatttgtttgctcgtttgcatctatctttttttttttttttttttttttgagacagaatctcgccctgtcacccaggctggagtgcagtggcgcgaactcggctcactgcaagctccacctcttgggttcacgccattctcctgcctcagcctcctgaatagctgggactacaggcacccgccaccacagctggctaattttttttgtattttttagtaaagatggggtttcaccatgttagccaggatggtctcgatctcctgacctcgtgatctgcccgcctcggcctcccaaagtgctgggattacaggcgtgagccaccgcgcccagctgcatccatcttctttggtattctctgagcttcctgaatctgtggtatggtgtctggtgtctgacattaatttgggggaaattctcagtcattattgctttaaaaatttgctcctattcatttctgcattcttcttctggcatttccattatgtgtatgttacaacttttgtagttgttgttccacagtttttggacattctgggcccatgcatagcctctgccgttgttgttggtgtttttttttttttcagtctttttttctctttgcttttcagttttgattggaagtttctattgtcatgtcctcaagctcagagattctttcctcagccatgtctcatcaaccaatgagcccatcaaagacattcttcatctctgttacagtgttttgatctctagcatttcttttttattctgtcttagaatttccatatttttccttatgatatacatctgtcattgcatgttgtctactttttacattaaagccattagcatattaatcatagtttaaaaaattcctggtctgataattatgacattcctgccatatttgactctgattctgatgcttgcttgttcagtctcttcaaattttgtgggttttgccctttagtgtgccttgtaatttcttgttaaaagtggacatgatgtactggctatgaggaactacagtaaataggcccatagtgatgtggtgagatggaaagaaagaaaagatgctcaacatcactaatcattagagaaatataaatcaaaactacaaagagatactgcctcacacccattaggatggctactatcaaaactaaaacagaaaataatgaatgttggtgaggatgtggagaaattggaacccttgtgcactattgcaaatgtacaatagggcagtttctctaaaaattaaacagaattaccatatgatccagcaactcgacttctggctatatatgcaaaagaactgaaatggggtcttaaagagatatttatacatcaattgtattagggttctccaatgaaacagatccgtgtgtgtgtgtgtgtgtgtgtgtgtgtgtgtgtaaatatatgccaatggtaaaagtacagggtctgagtcagaaggcagaaccaagaatgcttatgtccaagggcaggagaagacagatgtcccagttcaaacagggagagtgaatttgcccttcctctgtctttttgttctattcaggccctcagtggaatggataatgcccacccacattggtgagagtgatcttctttaccaattcacatgctattctcttctggaaacatcatcacagacatacctagaaatactgttttgccatgtatctgggcatctcttagcccagtcaagttgacatataaaattaaccatcatatccatgtttataagcagcattattcacaatagctaaaatgtggaagtactgcaagtgtctattgacagatgaatggataatctaaatgtggtatatacacacaaagcattacgaaagaaggaaattctgacacatgctacgacatagatgaaccttgagtatattacgctaagtgaaataagccagtcatgaaaagacaaatgctgtatgattccacttatattgggtacttagagtagtcaaaatgatacagaaagtagaatggtggatgccagagactggaggaggtgagagttattgtttaatgtttatacagtttcagtttacaacataaaattaattctggaggtagatgggagcatattacacgttttctttttggagatgggatctcactctgttgcccaggctggagtgcagttttgtgatcatagctcactgcagccttaactgtctgggctcaagtgatcctcccaccccaggcaccaaagcagctaagaccacaggtgcacaccaccacgcctggctaattattattatttgtagaggccaggtactgctgtgttgcccaggctggtgttgaacccctgggctcaagtgatcatcctgccctggcctcccaaagtactgggattacaggtgtgtgccaccacacctggccagaatatttaatgctactgaactgtatatttaaacatgcttgggctgggcatggtgcctcatgcctataatcccagcactttgggaagccaaggagggtggattgcttgagcccaggagtgtgacaccagcctgggcaacatggtgaaaccctgtctctacaaaaacattaaccgggcatggtggcacacgcctgtagtcccacctactctggcggctgaggcgggaggatcactcgaacccgggaggtggatctcgccactgcactccagcctgagcaacagagtgagaccctgtcaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaagatttacgatagtaaattttatgtgtattttaccacaattattaaaattgaagaaaatccccatgggtcactggtttaccaatttagccattttcaccatttttagattgcattttccttctctatctcagcattctgactaaaggaaaagcaaaatttcttacaagaatgaatgattctccagtgtggctgctcctgaaaggaacaatgagacttttgttatttcaccacaagactgagaaagaaataaacaagtgataaatgcccagaccccttcttattcattccacatcctggtaatctgaggcatggtgtggcttttactccaagcatatgaatacttacaatcagaagctgcctctcctttccctcactttatcattattgccatcatttatgacaatggagggagtgtctcactggatgatatttggggttctttcttcagtggtccgccataccaagcatttatttgtgctgttctccatctttcacatctaccacttttcaaaagtccctgagagtcaataagacatgcgactcgaacaactgcttcacatctaagtgtatgtctttaaaaatctctccttttccatgtttatgtctgatgtgttttgttatggcaaagtggcatgtagtatacggttcataagtgaatcgatgtatatctgtggagggcaaatgctcaattttagatctacacatgaaagcttttttccagggcaggagccttgctttctccaactaagccttaattacccaaatgcccatgtgttgtgcctttggcttgttgaaatgataccaactggtaaaatctgatgggagataaaagttagatgtccagaagcataaaagtcaggaagagaggctctttatggcatagagaaagctgcagaactgctccatggtgtgcaaaactcatcagcacatgaaactagtgagtggagatagtcaccttcaaccactttgtaatttctaccaattcacttggggccagtgtcccttattcaccaagattcacattggtccttttgattatttggcgtgaggaggcccccagacatgctaaactgtcatgcagggagagaggaaaagttgggaaccagcctttgcttaaaagggctttgacaatggaggcaaataataacattttgggaacatttatataagtaattatataatttctgattcagtagctggttcatgaataaatgagtaattgggagtatctgagtggagacaagaatgaacattaatgtaggactgattctgaattacagcttctggcactagtaggtttcaatatacatagtctgctgaaaggtaattttctctgtgatattcctggtatccctaaggagggaagtataattttaggtacatactgacaaaatttgaacacaaggtacttagatgaaagttatagtctgttttagagatgaaattgaaggatgcagtagctattgctttggcaaaggatttttggctgatgcagtgtatggttattgattttatgattcttatcatatggcacctaatgtatcagttgagttgtgaaaacagtgtttcggtttaatggatgttagggatttatatacaacttcaaatttgcctccttgctaatagtagaaaagagtagtatggaagcattacttccagctgctttttgaagtgtccaccaaaatgaacgactttttcctttcttcacgcagATTTCCTCCTAGAGTGCCAAAATCTTTTCCATTCAACACCTCAGTCGTGTACAAAAAGACTCTGTTTGTAGAATTCACGGATCACCTTTTCAACATCGCTAAGCCAAGGCCACCCTGGATGGgtaatgaaaacaatgttgaatgctatttatgaaattgggtatcttattttctatcacagattccccaatcttgaggttgcagttaaaaagtgcagctgccaaagagaatgtttccctaactgctacctatagggaaatacactgactgcattttctgtctttttgctgggccgtcttcctctgcttggtctatgccaactgcttacctccacttagatgtcaaataaagtatgtaacaacatgttatgacaggacattttctgtcttagaattgttgctgagaattataggtgggaagtatccccttttctaaagagagatatcagcctatcgatttagaacttgttcaggtagtagtccaaaattggttctgcaacccttaggccctgactcacctccaaccttgtataaaaaaaggctaggaacttatggaagactttagatttgaatatttattatttggagagcctcttcggtgttttatgtgttgcttaccccatggggagtgggaggcctgtccctcatgtcaaggtataatgaaggaggcttcaggagaaccacttagaagactggacaaggtacctatggaacttgggagacactgaccactgcctggtttttatctggataaattttcaaggtcagaggccaaaaggacttctcctgatggaatagcagggggagtgggcaatagtgggagctaactgcactaccattgttaggtgtaaggccaggaaggtcactgaatgggacttgtcttacaaagactctgcctgagaggtcttcctgccaggattagataaccccaatagaaaaagcctgtatgggttgtactgccagaagcagaatctgagaggagagatacaagtgaccagctggagaaggtatatcccatgccaagatcaggagcagtggggtgtctccttgttggcagggagaggtctccaaataactcataagttccctaagaaagaaaggcagaattttggtatgtgtcacaactagggagtactaatgccacattatcactgctccttccaagaaagactttgtcattgtgcctatttgtttttaccctcccccctcctttccacttgctcctaccttggcaggtccagagacacaaaggtgagttggggaggaagattaggagaggaaggtgggaaagcagcgaagctgccaaaacaaattacctttacatattgcagatttctggggctgtcagaatgtagctggagaaggaagggaacttgcaattgcagaagacatcaaaaatttggtattagactggactggacttgttagaacctaagagtgatactgttggttaatacctgaaggttactggaaaagatttgggatcaaccaaagtgcaagaaaagggagatctcacataaagtaattaaaagcagtggtctaagaaaaataaggctattttatgtttttatcccactcaatccagttcattcaacagactgtttataggcattttatacttagtgtattcataaaacagagctcttaattttcctcctgattttctgtcatggcctgactaacaacccagttgcacaagccaaaatcataggagttttctttgactcctctctttttttctatctccacatcatatttatgagcaagtcctgttgactgttcctccaaaacaagttccaagtcttcttattttacttcttgtaaaatccaaattcatccaaattcctgtggcctgcaaggtcctacatgttatgtttcctttttgaccatattttctgttactcctctgctgattcactgtgcttcagccacactttacttgactataccaaacttatttctgcctctggacgtttgcatttgttttatctgttttcaatgctcttccactagatctttgaaaatcttgcttctttttcattagtcagatctctactcaaatgtcacctcctcagagaggcccttcctgactactacactgaaagtatcctctacctcctgcctcatcactttctagcagaccactatcttttatatttataacaacttgaaattttcttatttatttctttatgtgcttaatgtcttgagaatatgatctccattatctgtcttgtttgctactgcacctccagtgcataagacagttcctagaatatagtaggaactctagttgaatgaatgaatgaattgaatgattgccagaaatcttgcctcagagcaaccataaggttaggctgatgttggcagcaagcaaatactactttttgtcagtaattacaggggcatgcttctccactgtgaccttgactctaacttttggaataacaggttttctggagtactatccccaagtaacctttggcggacatctcattcttacagGTCTGCTAGGTCCTACCATCCAGGCTGAGGTTTATGATACAGTGGTCATTACACTTAAGAACATGGCTTCCCATCCTGTCAGTCTTCATGCTGTTGGTGTATCCTACTGGAAAGCTTCTGAGGgtgagtaaaataccctcctattgtcctgtcattctatgaatagaacagtgagatgtgtgtgctttgtaatggtggcgttacaactcttttaaggtcctaactgaacattatgtgtatttcttaacatttactagattataaatatctcaagatagggaaatccatcttatttattgctgtgtccttagctataacatattgcctaccctatagtagatactcaatacaagaatgagggtgtagtggacaccagtcattttttcttcctaaaattaaacatttctcacctgtataccccctaggaattgcttttctgaatatacttcaaacagaacctgccattttcttaaagcccatgcctccctagccatagcagttgatctaggagtgagcagttgacacgggtatcccacctccttggccacagttgattggtccagagatgggcaccttacccaagctaggccaatgagagtacttgcactagcattttgaaatttatgagaaaaaggacctattattaccaggtaatcctatacttaggggatggagcccaaatataataaaatcaagattctactacttcatgtatatcatgtgggccatggatcttataggagtcttaagggggtgttggtcttgtccttttcttagttgcctagctctttgcaggcatggtgcaaaggcaggacaatctacctttatctgctccttctataccactgatcctaccctaaacatgtagctgtataatcagagacaggaagccatggcaaatctggagggtctcggcttggctatatcttaaagagttacatgtattcgtagttcaacattggggaaattttccaaaaattggtggagaaacgagtggccaatgcaattttatctttttttttctgctgacatcagggagagataagagctttaaaatcacaattatggggagataatattttaaaatccagctcaagttaaacccatcagaaaaggtaacaccttttgggacccccaaatggccacatcttatccaatgaggggacaccaaccatagagtctatactgcacagttcaaatggtagccatgagctatcaggcacttgaaatgtggtgagtcctacttgagacatactgtaaaatatacaccagatttcaaaggttaagtacaaaaaagactaaaaatatctcattcattgtttataagtacaagttgaaatgcttatatttggatatactaggttaaacgaaatacattattaaaataatttcacctgtttctttttacttttcttaatgtgactaccagaaaatttaaaattacatatgtggtttgcattatatttctattgaacagtgaaatgtttagcatatgttgaagttgctgctcctgatgcagtggctcatctcagatttggccaagttcttctgtccaaggaaaactaggttcaacccattcctggagaggaacagactcaaatctttctgggctgggtcacttaccttggttaaatctgttctccacctattctaccaacaaccaaagggatggacatagctgaaataaaaatcacgcaatcacactgaatggtatctcacctcaggtgggccttcagcattgcctagccattctactgctacatttcccctaatccatttactctccctctccccaagacagctataatgtttcacacattgttagcctctcattgaacctccaacatgtgctcccgcccctgcccccaccacaacgtgagccttgggaaaaagggtatttttttcctaatgaaatatttcaaacaaagataaatacagaaaataatataacaaacaaacatgtgcccatcacctcactttgccaaatcttaacattttgtcatctttgcttaatttattttacaaaattaagcattttacatacagtctgtactcctctatggggctggcaggaaaaggctctcattgtcaaagttcaaagtaattgatcattgaaaaaataatgatcacattaaaaacaacacttatataatagagatacatattgtaatactcataaatgaaatgatatcctgtctaggattggcttcaaacacatccaagctgatgttacaatcattaggtgaattcctgatgtggaatttgacatttgtatggcgccaaaataatatcccagtgatttttttctgattgtaagtggaaatgttaactttagaatggaggtatcaggctaatccacaggtcagttttagtgtcactaaggatgggatggccagatattatctgcccctgatatggcacaatatgagggactcagcatcatctttgatatattttagccaaaaaacttatttaatttgaatctaatcagaacttaggcatattcaatagcatgggatattctacaggactacaagccaaatttctttcaccaaatgagtgtcagaaaaaaagggactactccatactaaaagagactatgggcctaaacaccagatgcaatctgcagtcttaggttggattctgatttggaccaactagctacaaaggatgcctttgaggcaattaagaaaatttgaatattgcattgatattaggtgatattaactggatcaggtgtgctagtgtcattttgtttatgtgggcaatttttttttaaagatgacttctaaagtatataggagtggactatcatgaaatttgtaatgtacattaaaatgcatcatcataaaaagtgtgttgaaagaaaaaagtgaaagtagcaggcaattctaagaataattttctaacatccactcacaaaaatattaaattctttatattaaacacatgaaaaagaacacaaatatatctgtctttcaagattcatctcaaattccacctccttcatcaagcattactgaagagtaggaagcttgtttactttttttatccactgtgttgctcgctccaagggcatagagacttctatcttgatctttatattttcgcttgtagctgagtctggtaaagaataagaactcaataaatatttgtgaataaataggtgaatatttccacatggtattataattaatctttatatgtctatgtcccccaccaaacatagtgttgtaccactaggaaagaacaaagtttaagaaattttcttaaatctctctttcttactgttccgtgaccctcactagtgcctaccaaagagtctgtgacaaagtgtatttgttgttgaattgaattaggcaaaaagatgcaataatggaagcaatttattatttaacagaatgtggagatatcaaccagaacctagtttttactgctcatgctagggttagtgatctcaagatcctctggagtatatgaagcttctccccatttgtggctgctgcttgttagtttttcaaattaagatgcagaaagtaggccgggtgtggtggttcgcgcctgtaatcccagcactttgggaggctgaggcgggtggatcacaaggtcaggagtttaagaccatcctgaccaacatgatgaaaccccatctctactaaaaatacaaaattagccgggcatggtggcacgtgcctgtaatcccagctgctggggagtctgaggcaggaaaatcacttgaacctgggaggcggacgttgctgtgagccgagatccagcctgggcaacagagtgagactccgtctcaaaacaacaacaacaacaacaacaaagatgcagaaagtccgtttcttatgtagaacctattggtgacaataaacttgacatgtttctttgagtgtacagtggatatagaaaggacaattttatttcttcctgctatagGAGCTGAATATGATGATCAGACCAGTCAAAGGGAGAAAGAAGATGATAAAGTCTTCCCTGGTGGAAGCCATACATATGTCTGGCAGGTCCTGAAAGAGAATGGTCCAATGGCCTCTGACCCACTGTGCCTTACCTACTCATATCTTTCTCATGTGGACCTGGTAAAAGACTTGAATTCAGGCCTCATTGGAGCCCTACTAGTATGTAGAGAAGgtaagtgtatgaaagcgtaggattgagatgaaataagcagagaagtacaaacaactgaatctatctataacagttagcatttgtgttccttcacctgaaagaggcttttttactctagcatcatgctcatggaaaggagaataatccagtttctgagagaagcagatatgcattctatataaccacaataaactctaagctgggatcaggaggagctgagttccagaattaaatctctctcctcaaagcattgctattttcctcttcaaatctgtgggctttatcagtagtgatttctactgtcctctgccttttgcaaactttgagctaggttccttgaaaacttcatggaggtaaacacatccaagtgtgtgatcaatggcatatagactggttcaggtggttagtttgtcatctgtaaaccaaaagtatataaaaatctaagaaaagtcagcatttatttatatgttactgaaaattaattaatttggattgaattaatatattctaaaataattctaatcaaacctgtttttaatttataccttagcataaattagggaagtaaattttgcataatttgtttttatcctattttttatggtgaaatcagcttcactgtaccttttccttgttccatttatcttttactgcataactccacaatttagtggcttaaaacaacaacagtctcttattatctctcatggtttctgtgagtctcatggaatttgtcagtgttttgacttggtggcctatctaagtgtgtctcatgaggctgtagtcaaacagtggctagagctgaaatcatcccaaaggtgactttattcacatgtctttgaccttggcttgatggtactctccacatgatctctctcacatgggttttacagggtagccagacttcttatatggtcctgagatagcccattagaagctgtttcacgatttctaatgtaaccttggaaatcactcacataacctacattctattagttagaatgcatcactaagaccagtctataaagggagactccaccttttgatggggaataggcaaagaatttattaacaggaatcaccatactctttctgaatggtgatgatgaatgtgattcaaaaaaaggatgggagcggggagtggagaagatgagaaaggtttgtagtttataatagtttcagatgaaagtatgatttctcatatactgagttcagtttcatagtcataattaatgagaaagtgccaaaaccacagtgtattatttatgggatgtaaaggctaatggaacaatgagatcatcaaaacattagtgtttacatatgacatataaagaaataagttaaaaacccaaatgattctttgacacagagttgaactaaagagtctacagaggttctagttccaggtgaaatggataaacacactccaccctttatttcccattgaacttaactataaaaccttgacaaaatgcaaagcccagatatttaaaaatttctaaaaagcaaatagaacaagtatatagagaaaagacactagaattgaaagtattaccaaacttgtgggggagtatacctttttccccactctagtattccttaacctgaattaaaacataactggagacttcgaagtgagtactatgttgcaaagagagctccaggacaaaccctctggggtttcaaggagtgagaaaggtaactctaaatgctcagagagcgtgggaggggaaatcccctagggtttttgtcctcttttccaccattctctcaagcttcagtcccaggttgcctgtggcaatgacagtggctggcaacagaaacctgccggagtaaaaacttagggaggggaacattattcttcattcagtacagctacagatctaagacattgggggaaaagcacattactttctctctgtctttccccttccattgcttgaccttagctatgatgtagttgtggaaattggaagcttctggttagaaaaccaaaaaagggagctcacagaactggaaagtttatagatgacagagagaaaagatcccaggaaagtaaacccataaagttgtgcattaactcctggattcacccccaacctacacatccaggtatgtagtttcagtgtcagatctgttttaaaccccttgcagtgccattgagtccaacgcagtggccagtctggtgcttgaggggaaatctcagtttcacagtcttcaacatgttccattagcctttacgtcccataaataacacactgtggttttggcactttctcattaattatgactatgaaactgaactcagtatatgagaaatcatactttcatctgaaactaacgcccacagaattccttaaaacatgtctgatggctgaaagcaaagatagaacattgtgagataggttttttaatgtatggtagatacaatacataaaagaatcatagcataacaagaggagggtaaggaaaactttatggtccattcaacttcattccaattcaaatggtaaaatgtgaaattagatgtacactatagagggatagcaggagggagttctttttggatattgaaatggatctgtatcttgacgatgatggggtttcatgagcttatatctttgttaaaagttatagacctatacaccaaaagaaaaagtcaatttcactataattgaaaatttatataaaagtaattagaatgttttaagacagctttatacgtattttaaatgtgtctctaaagtttttaatccagtacttctggtaaagatggcacagggtcttcctacttagccatttttccatcctccacctcaaccccaacctcgctgaaaaccaacaacaaagataggtaaaccataaatagagaaaatcgaataggcatggtcagctgaaaaagaagataaatatttgtggaccagaagcagaacaggaactgtgagtagtaaaaggggtggaaattacaggccaactgagatctgggtcaggaagccagctgcggtagccaaggagtcaggatgacaaggataaatagtgctccccaccagagggactgagagcccatatcatagagttgggctcttcttcacttgaaagagagctgagcacagctgctgctcactctttgtttagggccatggctttgtggaaactcagagtcctagaagaggggaaagcaaacccagtcctagaataggaactgaactaagttttcttggttcagtgggggaatctgcaatatccccaaggtttccattggccagtatctccaaaattccattctagggtatgatttgctagatagagaatagtgaacacatcctttgcttaatcaaccaatgatcacaagggacagcaaagatcactatagttcaacaaagtcagatttattggctcatggcaacaagagactgtggacacctccctaaacaaagggaaatactgtatagagttagtaaagaattttggggaagggtggaggttaggtgatatttaaatgaagcaaagtagagttgtgtgtaaagaaataaccatgaggtctagactgtgaagtgttctaaaaagttaacatagacatgaaaggttaagtcaaggcaccccttacctgaagcttgagctttaaattgagctgcttctttgtgtcaaagtaatttagatgacctaggaaagaatgagatgtttcattcttgttgctattagttcaaacatttctggcaggctgtgaattcagagaacaaacaactcaattgagtaagaaagcaagagataatcaaagcaaatagttggcatcagtgagtttatacagtggcaatgtgtccttgggagaaatggtgttgttaactctgcagttagctttatctatgtctcttatcccagcctgatgagtagcagcacacgtactgttgctttcttagtccaagctaatttttatttctaagcattaagggtgcgagagagagaaagaacggcaaaatgtcataaacaaaaatctttctactcaaaataagcctgtaaacaaaagtttccagtcaaatttaaaaaatatataattctaagaaagatagccaacaagctcaacagttaaagcatgaaacaagctagtttgttccattaaaaacttcagctatcgatatacacggtatttatttaaaatgtgagtataattagaagcactgtgggctattgaaaaaaaatcatgagtatagatgtttaatatggacaattgctattttactcaaaacttttaatttacaattgcagaagtataaaaagttacaagagtaacagaaattatctataatttcactattatcacacagtgtgtgagggcttgtattttgtaagtgtttttaatttttttctttagtaattcatttttatcatattttacacaagtagtggtcttcatcaaagttgaaataaaaaaattctttgctccagatagttttagaaacactgctataggagacctgacatcaaagccaagttatcaagagacagaagactacatttgttcttactgtcaagtaactgatgaagaactgtctcctcctagtgacaatttcctacaatgagattttttaaatagaagataaatgttctcacttctttttcagGGAGTCTGGCCAAGGAAAAGACCAGACCTTGCACAAATTTATACTACTTTTTGCTGTATTTGATGAAGgttagtgagtcttaatctgaattttggattcctgaaagaaatcctctgctactattaagaggaggtgattatagaaagatcataaattacattactgttcaggaatgaaggagatggggttaaaaatgaattccaagaaaacaaaacgtaacctcagttccactggcagctatgaggtaagaagatagaggagctggataacggactggcctcatccccctcattaagactgtcaacaaatactttgggctctactttctaaatactttctcttatcttcatctattattaagtgcacaacctttggcaagttatttaacctctctgtgtctcggtttcctaaatggaaataaagtacatt……………………………………………………186935bp
Further downstream flow and processing of information from DNA finally to proteins (which are pretty much responsible for mediating all the processes in the body) is another magnificent elaborate process involving yet another amazing molecule – RNA. Stay tuned!
No comments:
Post a Comment